The witnesses

1. The early church

   The first witnesses against Paul

   The first to reject Paul were followers of ʿĪsā ibn Maryam who kept his law. Their own opponents in the church recorded their testimony.

2. The brother

   James, the brother of ʿĪsā ibn Maryam

   The man with the strongest claim to speak for ʿĪsā ibn Maryam: his brother, head of the disciples, judge at the council, author of the epistle Luther called straw, stoned in 62.

3. The Islamic tradition

   No prophet between me and ʿĪsā ibn Maryam

   Muslim scholars named Paul as the corrupter of the religion of ʿĪsā ibn Maryam a thousand years before Western criticism reached the same place.

   Part 1 of 3

4. The Islamic tradition

   The early Islamic record

   Sayf ibn ʿUmar, al-Qummī, Ibn ʿAsākir, Khushaysh ibn Aṣram, al-Qāḍī ʿAbd al-Jabbār, Ibn Taymiyyah and al-Shahrastānī, with the Arabic texts.

   Part 2 of 3

5. The Islamic tradition

   From Ibn Ḥazm to Isma’il R. al Faruqi

   Ibn Ḥazm, al-Thaʿlabī, Reza Aslan, al-Attas, Isma'il R. al Faruqi and Shabbir Akhtar: the Islamic verdict from the eleventh century to the present.

   Part 3 of 3

6. The revelation

   The Qurʾān as witness

   The revelation the Muslim scholars were reading: the verses on the crucifixion, the divinity of al-Masīḥ, lords taken besides God, the altering of scripture, and the disciples, in Arabic and English.

7. Testimony

   An epistle to the churches of Paul

   A letter in Paul's own form, written by one who once defended him, to those who still do.

8. The region

   The religion of Paul in Malaysia and Southeast Asia

   The case in the twenty-first century: Christian Zionism in Southeast Asia, Penang as its laboratory, and the Malay-language literature of reply.